carriage rails

1) рельс || укладывать рельсы

2) брус(ок)

3) направляющая

4) перила; поручень || обносить перилами; ограждать поручнем

5) строит. горизонтальная обвязка

6) строит. схватка

7) мор. леер

8) лонжерон, балка ( автомобильной рамы)

9) связь стойки поддона

10) промежуточная деталь каркаса ( параллельная усиливающему кромочному элементу деревянного ящика)

11) регистр ( наборной машины)

lv poligr.

ru опорный подтарельные полозки

en carriage rails

de Karrenleisten

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Mining and extraction technology, Railways and locomotives

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The Wylam wagonway passed Newburn, and Hedley, who went to school at Wylam, must have been familiar with this wagonway from childhood. It had been built c.1748 to carry coal from Wylam Colliery to the navigable limit of the Tyne at Lemington. In 1805 Hedley was appointed viewer, or manager, of Wylam Colliery by Christopher Blackett, who had inherited the colliery and wagonway in 1800. Unlike most Tyneside wagonways, the gradient of the Wylam line was insufficient for loaded wagons to run down by gravity and they had to be hauled by horses. Blackett had a locomotive, of the type designed by Richard Trevithick, built at Gateshead as early as 1804 but did not take delivery, probably because his wooden track was not strong enough. In 1808 Blackett and Hedley relaid the wagonway with plate rails of the type promoted by Benjamin Outram, and in 1812, following successful introduction of locomotives at Middleton by John Blenkinsop, Blackett asked Hedley to investigate the feasibility of locomotives at Wylam. The expense of re-laying with rack rails was unwelcome, and Hedley experimented to find out the relationship between the weight of a locomotive and the load it could move relying on its adhesion weight alone. He used first a model test carriage, which survives at the Science Museum, London, and then used a full-sized test carriage laden with weights in varying quantities and propelled by men turning handles. Having apparently satisfied himself on this point, he had a locomotive incorporating the frames and wheels of the test carriage built. The work was done at Wylam by Thomas Waters, who was familiar with the 1804 locomotive, Timothy Hackworth, foreman smith, and Jonathan Forster, enginewright. This locomotive, with cast-iron boiler and single cylinder, was unsatisfactory: Hackworth and Forster then built another locomotive to Hedley's design, with a wrought-iron return-tube boiler, two vertical external cylinders and drive via overhead beams through pinions to the two axles. This locomotive probably came into use in the spring of 1814: it performed well and further examples of the type were built. Their axle loading, however, was too great for the track and from about 1815 each locomotive was mounted on two four-wheeled bogies, the bogie having recently been invented by William Chapman. Hedley eventually left Wylam in 1827 to devote himself to other colliery interests. He supported the construction of the Clarence Railway, opened in 1833, and sent his coal over it in trains hauled by his own locomotives. Two of his Wylam locomotives survive— Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, London, and Wylam Dilly at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh—though how much of these is original and how much dates from the period 1827–32, when the Wylam line was re-laid with edge rails and the locomotives reverted to four wheels (with flanges), is a matter of mild controversy.

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See also: Stephenson, George

1) (a (usually horizontal) bar of metal, wood etc used in fences etc, or for hanging things on: Don't lean over the rail; a curtain-rail; a towel-rail.) barra

2) ((usually in plural) a long bar of steel which forms the track on which trains etc run.) carril, raíl

- railing

rail n

1. raíl / riel

2. barandilla / barra

tr[reɪl]

noun

1 barra

2 (handrail) pasamano, barandilla, baranda

3 (for train) raíl nombre masculino, carril nombre masculino, riel nombre masculino

4 (the railway) ferrocarril nombre masculino

\

by rail por ferrocarril

to go off the rails irse por el mal camino, descarriarse

rail strike huelga de ferroviarios

tr[reɪl]

transitive verb to rail against

1 despotricar contra

rail ['reɪl] vi

to rail against revile: denostar contra

to rail at scold: regañar, reprender

rail n

1) bar: barra f, barrera f

2) handrail: pasamanos m, barandilla f

3) track: riel m (para ferrocarriles)

4) railroad: ferrocarril m

• ferroviario, -a adj.

• baranda s.f.

• barandilla s.f.

• barra s.f.

• batayola s.f.

• carril s.m.

• riel s.m.

• transportar por ferrocarril v.

1) c

a) ( bar) riel m, barra f

b) ( hand rail) pasamanos m

c) ( barrier) baranda f, barandilla f

2)

a) c (for trains, trams) riel m, raíl m (Esp)

b) u ( railroad) ferrocarril m

intransitive verb (frml)

1. N

1) (=handrail) (on stairs, bridge, balcony) baranda f, barandilla f, pasamanos m inv ; (for curtains) riel m ; (on ship) barandilla f ; (for feet) apoyo m para los pies; (=fence) valla f, cerco m

2) (for train) carril m, riel m

- go off the rails

3) rails (Econ) acciones fpl de sociedades ferroviarias

- rail off

† [reɪl]

[reɪl]

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1) c

a) ( bar) riel m, barra f

b) ( hand rail) pasamanos m

c) ( barrier) baranda f, barandilla f

2)

a) c (for trains, trams) riel m, raíl m (Esp)

b) u ( railroad) ferrocarril m

intransitive verb (frml)

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n < Transp> rail network, railroad network (AE), railroad system (AE), railway network (BE), railway system (BE)

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1 rail.

2 RAIL, Andean Legislative Information Network.

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► nombre masculino

1 rail

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= rail, curtain rail.

Ex. Most such shelving moves in a perpendicular direction on rails mounted on the floor.

Ex. Unlike curtain rails, curtain poles do not have so many wall brackets.

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* raíl de cortina = curtain rail.

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( Esp)

riel

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raíl, rail nm

rail

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rail, raíl

m rail

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raíl n rail

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Weapons and armour

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Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.

It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.

Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.

In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.

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See also: Pilcher, Percy Sinclair

CM / JDS

1) Engineering: rail-guided cart, rail-guided vehicle, rail-shuttle cart

2) Metallurgy: rail capsule, rail carriage

3) Astronautics: rail car

4) Mechanics: rail vehicle, rail-mounted transporter, rail-tracked transporter, railcar, track-bound vehicle, tracked vehicle

5) Automation: car-on-track, carrier on rails, cartrack, rail (guide) vehicle, rail shuttle cart, rail-driven truck, rail-guided car, rail-guided carrier, rail-mounted car, rail-mounted cart, railborn car, railtruck, track-type carrier, tracked cart, (транспортная) trucked shuttle

1) (a track with (usually more than one set of) two (or sometimes three) parallel steel rails on which trains run: They're building a new railway; (also adjective) a railway station.) vía; línea de ferrocarril

2) ((sometimes in plural) the whole organization which is concerned with the running of trains, the building of tracks etc: He has a job on the railway; The railways are very badly run in some countries.) ferrocarriles

railway n

1. ferrocarril

2. vía férrea

tr['reɪlweɪ]

noun

1 ferrocarril nombre masculino

\

railway carrriage vagón nombre masculino

railway engine máquina de tren, locomotora

railway line vía férrea, vía del tren

railway station estación nombre femenino de ferrocarril, estación nombre femenino de trenes

railway track vía férrea

railway ['reɪl.weɪ] railroad

• ferroviario, -a adj.

• vía férrea adj.

• ferrocarril s.m.

noun (BrE) railroad I

N (=system) ferrocarril m, ferrocarriles mpl ; (as track) vía f, vía f férrea

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noun (BrE) railroad I